Global warming over the last 120-150 years.

NASA GRAPH:  





European temperature trend

• The average annual temperature for the European land area for the last decade (2007–2016) was around 1.6 °C above the pre-industrial level, which makes it the warmest decade on record. Moreover, 2016 was the second warmest year (after 2014) in Europe since instrumental records began.
• Climate models project further increases in global average temperature over the 21st century (for the period 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005) of between 0.3 and 1.7 °C for the lowest emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and between 2.6 and 4.8 °C for the highest emissions scenario (RCP8.5).
• All UNFCCC member countries have agreed on the long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C compared with pre-industrial levels and have agreed to aim to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. For the three highest of the four RCPs, global average temperature increase is projected to exceed 2 °C compared with pre-industrial levels by 2050.
• Annual average land temperature over Europe is projected to increase by the end of this century (2071–2100 relative to 1971–2000) in the range of 1 to 4.5 °C under RCP4.5 and 2.5 to 5.5 °C under RCP8.5, which is more than the projected global average increase. The strongest warming is projected across north-eastern Europe and Scandinavia in winter and southern Europe in summer.
• The number of warm days (those exceeding the 90th percentile threshold of a baseline period) have doubled since 1960 across the European land area.
• Europe has experienced several extreme heat waves since 2000 (2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014 and 2015). Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5), extreme heat waves as strong as these or even stronger are projected to occur as often as every two years in the second half of the 21st century. In southern Europe they are projected to be particularly strong.

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-4/assessment

 

Lets check around the word. Are the different meterological institutions in tune with the global trend NASA shows us?

Spain. What warming have they had? Average temperature in the last 100 years has risen slightly more in Spain than the rest of the EU: 1 ºC compared with 0.9 ºC. This increase has been as much as 2 ºC in regions such as Murcia (8). https://www.climatechangepost.com/spain/climate-change/


Japan.

The annual anomaly of the global average surface temperature in 2017 (i.e. the average of the near-surface air temperature over land and the SST) was +0.38°C above the 1981-2010 average (+0.74°C above the 20th century average), and was the 3rd warmest since 1891. On a longer time scale, global average surface temperatures have risen at a rate of about 0.73°C per century.

http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/gwp/temp/ann_wld.html



Lets go east to Russia: According to observations provided by the meteorological network of Roshydromet, the warming in Russia was 1.29°C for the last 100 years (1907–2006). https://www.climatechangepost.com/russia/climate-change/

https://new.meteoinfo.ru/images/wmc/climate/obzhee_rezume_eng.pdf

In Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea we find the same warming: Overall, a warming of approximately 1‐1.58°C has been observed over the 20th century.

https://www.climatechangepost.com/cyprus/climate-change/

NASA data for the US are in tune with european data: Since consistent record-keeping began in 1895, the average temperature in the United States has increased by 1.3 to 1.9 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 to 1.1° Celsius), and most of that change has happened since 1970. The warmest year on record for the United States was 2012.

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=83624

https://www.statista.com/statistics/500515/annual-average-temperature-in-the-us-celsius/

What about Canada? According to ECCC "warming over the 20th century is indisputable and largely due to human activities" adding "Canada's rate of warming is about twice the global rate: a 2°C increase globally means a 3 to 4ºC increase for Canada". Berkeley Earth has reported that 2015 was "unambiguously" the warmest year on record across the world, with the Earth’s temperature more than 1.0 C (1.8 F) above the 1850-1900 average.
Causes and effects of climate change - Canada.ca

http://berkeleyearth.lbl.gov/regions/canada

ALASKA:

Alaska has warmed twice as fast as the rest of the nation, bringing widespread impacts. Sea ice is rapidly receding and glaciers are shrinking. Thawing permafrost is leading to more wildfire, and affecting infrastructure and wildlife habitat. Rising ocean temperatures and acidification will alter valuable marine fisheries. 

https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/alaska

The temperature change varies from one climatic zone to another as well as for different seasons. If a linear trend is taken through mean annual temperatures, the average change over the last 6 decades is around 3.0°F. 

http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/ClimTrends/Change/TempChange.html

2016 shatters record for Alaska's warmest year

Temperatures in Alaska were well above normal across the entire state in 2016.

Warmer-than-average days outnumbered colder-than-average days by a ratio of 9 to 1. 

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/2016-shatters-record-alaskas-warmest-year

Lets jump all the way down to Australia.WOW, their government tells the same story: In Australia, average air temperatures have increased by around 0.9 degrees Celsius since 1910, and each decade has been warmer than the previous decade since the 1950s. Seems pretty clear to me that the globe is warming globally.

http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science/understanding-climate-change

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/#tabs=Tracker&tracker=timeseries

https://theconversation.com/factcheck-was-the-1896-heatwave-wiped-from-the-record-33742

Here are New Zealand temp trend from their latest report in 2017:

New Zealand’s annual average land-surface temperature (measured 1.3 metres above the
ground) has increased 1 degree Celsius since 1909, when measurements first began. This is
consistent with the lower end of the global average increase of land temperature over a
similar period (1–1.2 degrees Celsius from 1880 to 2012) due to the moderating
influence of our oceanic location.

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/media/our-atmosphere-and-climate-2017-final.pdf

England : From 1901 to 1999, annual mean CET temperatures showed a warming of +0.6°C over this period. The warming has been greatest from mid-summer to late autumn: July (+ 0.8°C), August (+ 1.2°C), September (+0.9°C), October (+ 1.2°C) and November (+ 1.3°C) respectively. With the exception of March (+ 1.0°C), the remaining months showed no statistically significant warming over the century (7). After a period of relative stability for most of the 20th century, CET has increased by about a degree Celsius since the 1970s (1). Eight of the ten warmest years recorded have been since 1990 with 2006 being the warmest year on record (3).

Studies have shown that this observed rate of warming cannot be explained by natural climate variations, but is consistent with the response to increasing greenhouse gases and aerosols simulated by the Met Office Hadley Centre climate model. It is likely, therefore, that global man-made emissions of greenhouse gases have played a significant role in the recent warming of the UK (1).

https://www.climatechangepost.com/united-kingdom/climate-change/

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/actualmonthly

BRAZIL
Data from CRU 3.1 dataset showing the change in June-July average temperature anomalies in Brazil for 1950-2009.


June-July average temperatures have risen at a rate of 0.3°F per decade since 1950 in Brazil. Much of that rise has come since the 1970s, which is in line with the overall global trend. The analysis is based on temperature anomaly data processed using the International Research Institute for Climate and Society’s Data Library. That same data also show yearly temperatures have also risen roughly 1.4°F since 1950.

BONUS
In Chile, Many Regard Climate Change As The Greatest External Threat.

Denmark. What are their meterological weather stations telling us? Here are their observations since 1870: The ten warmest years are spread from the 30s and up to now. In fact, almost every year since 1988, it has been warmer than usual, where "normally" is defined as the average for the period 1961-90. And the land temperature has shown a sharp rise in recent decades. Since 1870 the temperature in Denmark has increased by about 1.5 ° C. IOW, data from Denmark confirms europes Copernicus's data and complies with what NASA has concluded globally. And that the temperature has risen sharply in the last 10 years.

http://www.dmi.dk/klima/klimaet-frem-til-i-dag/danmark/temperatur/

KINA:



Chinas temperature trend looks very much like the global one.

Berkeley Earth

Berkeley Earth


More on GW:

The following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually-averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 12 warmest years on record (2003, 2006, and 2007 tie as 10^th warmest).

The worlds biggest oil companies all acknowledge AGW, carbon taxes and sees a future in renewable energies:

Worlds biggest oil companies all acknowledge AGW, carbon taxes and sees a future in renewable energies:

http://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/

GCI is a voluntary, CEO-led initiative which aims to lead the industry response to climate change. Launched in 2014, OGCI is currently made up of ten oil and gas companies that pool expert knowledge and collaborate on action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Jeg har gjennomgått standpunktene til flere av verdens største oljeselskap: Alle sammen erkjenner AGW, at karbonskatter er en bra ting og at fornybar energi er / blir fremtiden.

"With the Paris Agreement, almost 200 governments agreed to hold temperature rise to well below 2oC and to pursue efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5oC. This has energized countries, companies and consumers to take action.

“As scientists and engineers, BP recognizes the urgency of the climate challenge - and we intend to be part of the solution. We are calling for a price on carbon, increasing gas in our upstream portfolio, investing in renewables and low carbon innovation, and pursuing energy efficiency.”

“Two decades ago, BP was one of the first energy companies to address the threat of climate change, pioneering alternatives like wind, solar and biofuels. We invested billions of dollars to make renewable energy a genuine alternative.”

“Renewables are the fastest-growing energy source in the world today, on course to provide at least 14% of the global energy mix by 2040. BP has been in the renewables business for more than 20 years – we’re one of the largest operators among our peers and we’re expanding as we see more opportunities”

Renewable energy

Introduction by Bob Dudley

BP er freidige nok til å ha vindmølle på hjemmesiden.
Oil giant BP have a wind mill on their front page.

BP on wind energy:
Wind energy
In the world today, wind power accounts for over half of all renewable power. And, we expect that - with decreasing production costs - onshore wind will become even more widespread.

BP is among the top wind energy producers in the US. The net generating capacity from our portfolio, based on our financial stake, is 1,452 megawatts of electricity. That’s enough electricity to power almost 400,000 homes. And, we calculate that our wind activities helped avoid around 2.54 million tonnes of CO2 in 2016.

"The US wind industry continues to experience steady growth, particularly with continued improvements in efficiency and costs, which have fallen by more than half since 2009."
Laura Folse, CEO, BP wind energy

http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability/climate-change/renewable-energy.html




EXXON-MOBIL:
Our position on climate change
We have the same concerns as people everywhere – and that is how to provide the world with the energy it needs while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The risk of climate change is clear and the risk warrants action. Increasing carbon emissions in the atmosphere are having a warming effect. There is a broad scientific and policy consensus that action must be taken to further quantify and assess the risks.

ExxonMobil is taking action by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in its operations, helping consumers reduce their emissions, supporting research that leads to technology breakthroughs and participating in constructive dialogue on policy options.

Addressing climate change, providing economic opportunity and lifting billions out of poverty are complex and interrelated issues requiring complex solutions. There is a consensus that comprehensive strategies are needed to respond to these risks.

http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/our-position

Our products are also being used to make renewable energy sources more efficient. In fact, ExxonMobil is a major supplier of specialty lubricants to the wind industry, which uses our products to increase the efficiency and reliability of turbines.
http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/encouraging-ghg-reductions




SINOPEC (2nd largest in the world, from China) on AGW, carbon taxes and renewable energy:
Fighting Against Climate Change
Climate change is a major global issue for all humankind. As a responsible energy and petrochemical company, Sinopec regards it as its due responsibility to fight against climate change. We make efforts to shift the pattern of growth, optimize energy structure, develop and utilize low-carbon energy resources and promote energy saving and consumption reduction. We are speeding up study on commercial test of CO2 recovering, in order to reduce GHG emissions and better prepare to combat climate change.[...]

International Social Responsibility
As the first to join the United Nations global compact Chinese enterprise, as well as the global compact China network of the rotating chairman unit, the Chinese petrochemical always adhere to the international development and social responsibilities, combining the construction "the world first-class energy chemical company" run, adhering to the "integrity norms, win-win cooperation; return to the prosperity of the local economy, local do contribution" concept, adhere to the international development process to promote economic, environmental and social three coordinated development, the struggle is the model of the international enterprise citizen, won the international society and the local parties to respect and trust.
http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/en/socialresponsibility/Green/facc.shtml

Continuous Energy Supply

Energy powers economic and social development. In future, energy demand will grow constantly and fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal will continue to play a major role in energy supply. In the meantime, alternative energy will grow fast to be an important supplement.
http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/en/socialresponsibility/Continuous/

7 signs that China is serious about combating climate change

 

STATOIL on AGW, carbon taxes and renewable energy:
At Statoil we believe that you can put a price on carbon. In fact we have to because it is one of the most effective ways to combat climate change. The impact of climate change is becoming more severe and noticeable: ice caps are melting, water is becoming scarce in some places, many fish and animal species face extinction, and heat waves are becoming the norm. Though that is bad enough, many scientists think the worst is yet to come, with more extreme weather and the UN warning that the world’s food supply is at considerable risk.

To mitigate these risks, action needs to be taken. Deployment of low carbon generation and energy efficiency is undoubtedly part of the solution. However, this also needs to work in tandem with significant carbon emissions reduction at power plants and heavy industries. Unless you start to take carbon out of power generation you are not going to make the change necessary to meet climate change targets.A cost on carbon pollution encourages polluters to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. This is often referred to as a carbon price. By putting a price on greenhouse gas emissions (carbon), Statoil and other companies, producers and consumers have an incentive to find new and cost-efficient ways to reduce emissions. Carbon pricing systems, if properly designed, drive fuel switching from coal to gas and investments in energy efficiency and low carbon technologies such as renewables and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).[...] Six chief executives of some of the largest oil and gas companies, including Statoil, wrote to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the President of COP 21 advocating for a global carbon price to be a key element of any global climate change agreement. This would give energy companies long-term certainty and stability, encourage investment in low carbon technologies and help mitigate against carbon leakage (the term used to describe the transfer of production to countries with less stringent greenhouse gas emissions regulations). Although they acknowledge that this will add to the oil and gas industry’s costs, these CEOs agree that it is necessary for a sustainable future.WOW.A clear goal for Statoil is not only to make sure that carbon pricing is debated but actually becomes the cornerstone for tackling climate change.

CAPTURING RENEWABLE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
As the world’s population grows and becomes more prosperous, we need to provide more energy to heat and light homes, fuel transport and power the economy. At the same time, we must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
The Paris agreement is a clear call to action. The future of energy will be low-carbon. We will need a culture and a mind-set, where we look for the opportunities this transition offers.

-We know that carbon pricing works. If more governments put a price on carbon, business will follow suit and quickly.
– ELDAR SÆTRE, STATOIL CEO
https://www.statoil.com/en/magazine/carbon-pricing.html

STATOIL ON WIND ENERGY:
OUR OFFSHORE WIND PORTFOLIO
Statoil has interests in four large-scale conventional wind projects off the coast of the UK and Germany, and we are operator for the Dudgeon wind farm currently under construction. We are also pioneering innovation in offshore wind solutions through our unique floating wind concept Hywind.
Offshore wind already has a strong foothold in Europe with 10 GW installed capacity, and a global potential to reach more than 100 GW by 2030.
 Fixed turbines are ideal for developing offshore wind in water depths of 20–50 metres, but with floating structures, wind power can expand into new deep-water areas around the world—and Statoil is at the forefront of developing this exciting new market.
https://www.statoil.com/en/magazine/how-we_re-making-the-transition.html



PETROBAS (Brazil)
Several studies indicate that increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated to the energy and transport sectors is a consequence of the surging consumption of energy, especially coming from fossil fuels. Therefore, we are committed to understand the impact our activity has on climatic conditions and to deploying measures to mitigate them.

Our strategy is focusing on initiatives related to energy efficiency, operating improvements, new technology research and development, using renewable energy sources (particularly biofuels), and promoting the efficient use of our products. With these actions, we mitigate the growth curve of the greenhouse gases generated by our operations and products, contributing to the expansion of our business taking place on a sustainable basis. Through the Petrobras Socioenvironmental Program, we also sponsor environmental projects designed for water conservation, carbon fixation, and emission mitigation.

http://www.petrobras.com.br/en/society-and-environment/environment/climate-changes/

SHELL
We recognise the significance of climate change, along with the role energy plays in helping people achieve and maintain a good quality of life. A key role for society – and for Shell – is to find ways to provide much more energy with less carbon dioxide. Our lives depend on energy wherever we live. But in order to prosper while tackling climate change, society needs to provide much more energy for a growing global population while finding ways to emit much less CO2.

Shell has long recognised the climate challenge and the role of energy in enabling a decent quality of life. We believe that, while technological developments will emerge, effective policy and cultural change is essential to drive low-carbon business and consumer choices and opportunities. The transition to low-carbon solutions is best underpinned by meaningful government-led carbon “pricing” mechanisms. We welcome efforts made by governments to cooperatively reach the global climate agreement and support long-term climate goals that balance environmental pressures with development opportunities. We particularly welcomed the United Nations Paris Agreement on climate change, which came into force on November 4, 2016. The agreement seeks to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius by managing climate and environmental pressures while ensuring economic development.
http://www.shell.com/sustainability/environment/climate-change.html

Carbon "pricing" mechanisms
Shell supports the establishment of government-led carbon “pricing” mechanisms that deliver a meaningful cost on CO2 emissions, necessary to create a shift to a lower-carbon power and fuel options.

A carbon “pricing” mechanism is an effective way to stimulate investment in the development of low-carbon technologies and to create new energy choices. Government carbon “pricing” policies are designed to change the cost of goods and services, to favour those that result in lower emissions.

Both CO2 taxes and emissions trading systems could generate new revenue for governments and ensure that consumers are not affected by higher energy costs. Ideally this could create a virtuous circle in which emissions fall, while living standards continue to rise.

Shell Scenarios suggest that society will need to grow its renewable energy share to around 80% of an energy system much larger than today’s if the world is to complete an energy transition and achieve a long-term goal of near net-zero emissions by 2100.

The oil giant Shell issued a stark warning of the catastrophic risks of climate change more than a quarter of century ago in a prescient 1991 film that has been rediscovered.

A Shell spokeswoman said: “Our position on climate change is well known; recognising the climate challenge and the role energy has in enabling a decent quality of life. Shell continues to call for effective policy to support lower carbon business and consumer choices and opportunities such as government lead carbon pricing/trading schemes. “Today, Shell applies a $40 per tonne of CO2 internal project screening value to project decision-making and has developed leadership positions in natural gas and sugarcane ethanol; the lowest carbon hydrocarbon and biofuel respectively,” she said.


Even oil companies agrees om AGW now and are saying Climate Change Will Hurt Their Business

http://time.com/5178262/climate-change-oil-companies-future/

Shell lagde allerede i 1991 en video om AGW:

BONUS:

Just like Exxon, Shell oil knew about the danger of c02 emissions.

A trove of documents shows the oil company’s scientists urged its leaders to heed the warnings. That could now play into lawsuits over global warming

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05042018/shell-knew-scientists-climate-change-risks-fossil-fuels-global-warming-company-documents-netherlands-lawsuits

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/sep/19/shell-and-exxons-secret-1980s-climate-change-warnings

http://www.climatefiles.com/shell/1988-shell-report-greenhouse/

1982. Exxons egne forskere bekrefter at menneskers forbruk av fossile brensler øker konsentrasjonen av C02 i atmosfæren og bidrar til økt drivhuseffekt.

 

Videre står det  svart på hvitt at Exxons egne forskeres funn dermed var helt "in accord with the scientific consensus on the effect of increased atmospheric C02".

 

Konklusjonen i studien er derfor veldig tydelig:

5. Conclusion Available documents show a discrepancy between what ExxonMobil’s scientists and executives discussed about climate change privately and in academic circles and what it presented to the general public. The company’s peer-reviewed, non-peer-reviewed, and internal communications consistently tracked evolving climate science: broadly acknowledging that AGW is real, human-caused, serious, and solvable, while identifying reasonable uncertainties that most climate scientists readily acknowledged at that time. In contrast, ExxonMobil’s advertorials in the NYT overwhelmingly emphasized only the uncertainties, promoting a narrative inconsistent with the views of most climate scientists, including ExxonMobil’s own. This is characteristic of what Freudenberg et al term the Scientific Certainty Argumentation Method (SCAM)—a tactic for undermining public understanding of scientific knowledge [57, 58]. Likewise, the company’s peer-reviewed, non-peer-reviewed, and internal documents acknowledge the risks of stranded assets, whereas their advertorials do not. In light of these findings, we judge that ExxonMobil’s AGW communications were misleading; we are not in a position to judge whether they violated any laws. 

Its over. Climate change skeptics have outlived their usefulness to the fossil fuel industry. Even oil companies agree on the science now. Just a few more to go.

Just like tobacco fought the science on the dangers of tobacco smoking. Oil companies and their front groups and think tanks and their echo chamber denier blogs and their amateur deniers, have fought hard for 30 years to legitimize the right to pollute for oil, gas and coal companies, and to argue for ever more tax cuts for the free marked fundamentalists who created them so they can continue to make shitloads of money by ruining public health and add to the damages of CC.

Private corporations take the profit while the environment and the public takes the bill. But its over now. Even oil companies agree on the science now. Those of you who keep trying to muddy the waters will be like those Japanese soldiers left behind after WW2 - not knowing that the war was over.

Amateur deniers are on their own. With their own petty self interests, free marked fundamentalist egoism justified by conspiracies, paranoia and alternative realities. Time to pop the bubble? Time to turn your back on front groups exploiting your cognitive biases? Front groups which undermine the dangers of tobacco smoking on the same pages where they deny agw?

https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/3/28/17152804/climate-change-federal-court-chevron

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/climate-change-trial-california_us_5ab53d0ce4b054d118e2a0d9

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/mar/23/in-court-big-oil-rejected-climate-denial?CMP=share_btn_fb

In court, Big Oil rejected climate denial

If even oil companies accept human-caused global warming, why doesn’t everybody?

In a California court case this week, Judge William Alsup asked the two sides to provide him a climate science tutorial.

The plaintiffs are the coastal cities of San Francisco and Oakland. They’re suing five major oil companies (Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, ConocoPhillips and BP) to pay for the cities’ costs to cope with the sea level rise caused by global warming. Chevron’s lawyer presented the science for the defense, and most notably, began by explicitly accepting the expert consensus on human-caused global warming, saying:

From Chevron’s perspective, there is no debate about the science of climate change

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/mar/23/in-court-big-oil-rejected-climate-denial?CMP=share_btn_fb 


Judge dismisses Exxon lawsuit against climate change probe 

https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/judge-dismisses-exxon-lawsuit-against-climate-change-probe/2018/03/29/5939e658-33ac-11e8-b6bd-0084a1666987_story.html?utm_term=.1e86cb1917b7

CHEVRON’S LAWYER, SPEAKING FOR MAJOR OIL COMPANIES, SAYS CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL AND IT’S YOUR FAULT

https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/22/17151532/climate-tutorial-san-francisco-oakland-lawsuits-judge-alsup-chevron-exxon

HOCKEY STICK AFFIRMED BY NAS AND IMPROVED BY NUMEROUS STUDIES

I 1998 publiserte Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley og Malcolm K. Hughes (i fellesskap gjerne kalt MBH) artikkelen «Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries» i Nature. Her viser de en rekonstruksjon av temperaturen på den nordlige halvkula fra 1400. Ei grafisk framstilling av resultatene viser ei svært stor økning i temperaturen i siste halvdel av 1900-tallet, mens det i perioden før dette var mindre variasjoner. Grafen har dermed form som ei liggende ishockeykølle, og den fikk snart tilnavnet hockeykøllegrafen. Året etter publiserte de tre en utvidelse av grafen, som gikk tilbake til år 1000. MBHs hovedfunn er i stor grad bekrefta av seinere forskning.




Her er 5 grunner til at "Kølla" er kommet for å bli:

Here are 5 reasons why the "Stick" is here to stay:

1. Its affirmed by The National Academy Of Science.
Den er bekreftet og godkjent av the National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Sciences are one of the most respectable scientific academies of the world. They hold a very strong position in the US, all the way back to when it was founded by Abraham Lincoln. As of 2016, the National Academy of Sciences includes about 2,350 members and 450 foreign associates. Approximately 200 members have won a Nobel Prize.

The 4 most comprehensive studies done on the matter confirms and improves the "Stick":

De fire mest omfattende studiene noensinne gjort  på dette feltet bekrefter og forbedrer "Kølla":

2. Most Comprehensive Paleoclimate Reconstruction Confirms Hockey Stick.

78 researchers from 24 countries, together with many other colleagues, worked for seven years in the PAGES 2k project on the new climate reconstruction. “2k” stands for the last 2000 years, while PAGES stands for the Past Global Changes program launched in 1991. Recently, their new study was published in Nature Geoscience. It is based on 511 climate archives from around the world, from sediments, ice cores, tree rings, corals, stalagmites, pollen or historical documents and measurements. All data are freely available.

Slik ser køllen ut i IPPC AR4 2007:



3. Planet Earth is warmer than it has been for at least 2,000 years, according to a study that took its temperature from 692 different “natural thermometers” on every continent and ocean on the planet. The database gathers 692 records from 648 locations, including all continental regions and major ocean basins. The records are from trees, ice, sediment, corals, speleothems, documentary evidence, and other archives. They range in length from 50 to 2000 years, with a median of 547 years, while temporal resolution ranges from biweekly to centennial.

IPPC 2013:

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

4. Using data from 642 sites across North America and Europe, the temperatures they found closely matched those expected from computer simulations. They found that throughout most of the Holocene period (the last ~11,000 years), the Earth was warming very slightly. Only in the last ~2000 years has the Earth been in a cooling period (which probably would have continued except that human emissions of greenhouse gases have now reversed the cooling).

The authors attempted to put the recent warming (last century or so) into context. They found that the recent temperatures are much higher than temperatures over the past 11,000 years. In fact, according to their calculations, 2016 was warmer than 99.41% of all simulated Holocene years.

This finding is profound. First of all, it means that human greenhouse gas emissions were easily able to overturn what should be a natural cooling trend. Second, the warming we have caused is far outside of the natural range.

______________

Researchers reconstructed temperatures from fossil pollen collected from 642 lake or pond sites across North America -- including water bodies in Wyoming -- and Europe.[...]The reconstructions indicate that evidence of periods that were significantly warmer than the last decade were limited to a few areas of the North Atlantic that were probably unusual globally.

5. A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years

Surface temperature reconstructions of the past 1500 years suggest thatrecent warming is unprecedented in that time. Here we provide a broader perspective by reconstructing regional and global temperature anomalies for the past 11,300 years from 73 globally distributed records. Early Holocene (10,000 to 5000 years ago) warmth is followed by ~0.7°C cooling through the middle to late Holocene (<5000 years ago), culminating in the coolest temperatures of the Holocene during the Little Ice Age, about 200 years ago. This cooling is largely associated with ~2°C change in the North Atlantic. Current global temperatures of the past decade have not yet exceeded peak interglacial values but are warmer than during ~75% of the Holocene temperature history. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change model projections for 2100 exceed the full distribution of Holocene temperature under all plausible greenhouse gas emission scenarios.Although each of the temperature reconstructions are different (due to differing calibration methods and data used), they all show some similar patterns of temperature change over the last several centuries. Although each of the temperature reconstructions are different (due to differing calibration methods and data used), they all show some similar patterns of temperature change over the last several centuries. Most striking is the fact that each record reveals that the 20th century is the warmest of the entire record, and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.

_________________________________________________________________________

An independent assessment of Mann's hockey stick was conducted by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (Wahl 2007). They reconstructed temperatures employing a variety of statistical techniques (with and without principal components analysis). Their results found slightly different temperatures in the early 15th Century. However, they confirmed the principal results of the original hockey stick - that the warming trend and temperatures over the last few decades are unprecedented over at least the last 600 years.

Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores. They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.

RealClimate oppklarer de fire største mytene her.

And yes, the "hockeystick" data is available here:

http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/tools/tools.php 

BONUS:  The Yamal controversy

"Canadian statistics experts"  McIntyre and McKitrick. McIntyre at the time was a former mining executive and McKitrick an economist at Guelph University. Although the two garnered a lot of attention with their "analysis" and the harassment of climate scientists, they criticisms of the MBH study are thoroughly discredited. == In fact, the Yamal tree ring dataset was used in only 4 of the 12 reconstructions done by MBH in the first place. A plain English account of the controversy here:

https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Yamal_controversy

http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2012/05/yamalian-yawns/

The divergence problem, not to be confused by the Yamal dataset, had to do with the fact that there was a high correlation between temperature and tree ring growth between 1880 and 1960 in certain Alaskan tree ring datasets, but the correlation weakened in the latter part of the 20th century. This was noted by Keith Briffa, THE "B" in MBH in 1998. IOW, it was Mann's group who reported the divergence in the first place. But it was irrelevant to the MBH conclusions because by 1960, there were instrumental records and so proxies were unnecessary.

Finally we get to the most egregious of McIntyre and McKitrick's attacks on climate science. They claimed that their reconstruction of Mann's program generated hockey stick shapes out of random statistical noise. They made this claim to a Congressional subcommittee, which hired a statistician to "replicate" their findings. But:https://deepclimate.org/.../replication-and-due.../

 (You can follow the arrow to the first article in this series if you wish.) Long story short, per deepclimate, the statistician, Wegman, didn't replicate McIntyre's work, he ran McIntyre's data using McIntyre's code, got the same results and declared McIntyre/McKitrick replicated. But, John Mashey in deepclimate shows that McIntyre's code generated hockeystick shapes BECAUSE THE CODE CONTAINED INSTRUCTIONS FOR IT TO SELECT THE HOCKEY STICK SHAPE. == The Wegman report, based on the report by McIntyre and McKitrick, has been completely discredited. (Look up the Wikipedia account) as has McIntyre/McKitrick.


BONUS 2

Unpublished research by university scientists is exempt from the Virginia Freedom of Information Act, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled Thursday, rejecting an attempt by skeptics of global warming to view the work of a prominent climate researcher during his years at the University of Virginia.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2014/04/17/va-supreme-court-rules-for-u-va-in-global-warming-foia-case/?utm_term=.504be21128f1


 [References]

1. Mann ME, Zhang Z, Rutherford S, Bradley RS, Hughes MK, Shindell D, Ammann C, Faluvegi G, and Ni F: Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science 326(5957):1256–1260, 2009.dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1177303

2. PAGES 2k Consortium: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience 6(5):339–346, 2013.dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1797

Jones & Mann 2004 [1] shows how well proxies up to current times (when they're available) can reproduce instrumental temperatures. Unfortunately, most public-domain proxy series don't extend as far as instrumental temps, but when they do, the series generally match up well.

[References]

1. Jones PD and Mann ME: Climate over past millennia. Reviews of Geophysics 42(2):RG2002, 2004. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003RG000143

Michael Mann Did Not Sabotage His Law Suit, But Deniers Are Sabotaging The Planet

The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: The Battle Continues" – the Earth101 lecture:

The Hockey Stick: The Most Controversial Chart in Science, Explained

Climate deniers threw all their might at disproving the famous climate change graph. Here's why they failed.

Sammenlign temperatur-kartet fra 1000 år tilbake - med sine hot spots, med dagens (2016) varmekart.

Følgelig, var altså den såkalte MWP regional:

MWP was a localized phenomenon. If that's not sufficient evidence showing that modern global average temperatures have exceeded those of the MWP, then the PAGES 2k 2013 [2] reconstruction quantifies it for us, as summarized by the abstract: "There were no globally synchronous multi-decadal warm or cold intervals that define a worldwide Medieval Warm Period or Little Ice Age, but all reconstructions show generally cold conditions between ad 1580 and 1880, punctuated in some regions by warm decades during the eighteenth century. The transition to these colder conditions occurred earlier in the Arctic, Europe and Asia than in North America or the Southern Hemisphere regions. Recent warming reversed the long-term cooling; during the period ad 1971–2000, the area-weighted average reconstructed temperature was higher than any other time in nearly 1,400 years."

The problem with cherry-picking results is that the reconstructions are often highly localized and not representative of larger-scale conditions. Each set of individual proxies alone might not reconstruct a representative temperature of their region during the MWP era when synthesized as part of a proxy ensemble. Mann et al. 2009 is valuable because it does that synthesis. These proxies need to be considered along with other nearby proxies over similar time periods to determine whether each grid region shakes out as warmer or cooler over the MWP—but you can't tell that by looking simply at individual proxies. It's unfortunately more complicated than that.Caption: "Reconstructed surface temperature pattern for MCA (950 to 1250 C.E.) and LIA (1400 to 1700 C.E.). Shown are the mean surface temperature anomaly (left) and associated relative weightings of various proxy records used (indicated by size of symbols) for the low-frequency component of the reconstruction (right). Anomalies are defined relative to the 1961–1990 reference period mean.…"

This is a list of paleoclimatologic studies [2–46] that use a variety of temperature proxies and methodologies in affirmation of Michael Mann's hockey stick result [1], which shows strong recent hemispheric and global warming.

1. Mann ME, Bradley RS, and Hughes MK: Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature 392(6678):779–787, 1998. dx.doi.org/10.1038/33859

2. Jones PD, Briffa KR, Barnett TP, and Tett SFB: High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. The Holocene 8(4):455–471, 1998. dx.doi.org/10.1191/095968398667194956

3. Pollack HN, Huang S, and Shen, P-Y: Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: a global perspective. Science 282(5387) 279–281. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5387.279

4. Mann ME, Bradley RS, and Hughes MK: Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical research letters 26(6):759–762, 1999. dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900070

5. Briffa KR: Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees. Quaternary Science Reviews 19(1):87–105, 2000. dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00056-6

6. Crowley TJ and Lowery TS: How warm was the medieval warm period? AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 29(1):51–54, 2000. dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.1.51

7. Huang S, Pollack HN, and Shen P-Y: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures. Nature 403(6771):756–758, 2000. dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001556

8. Jones PD, Osborn TJ, and Briffa KR: The evolution of climate over the last millennium. Science 292(5517):662–667, 2001. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900617

9. Briffa KR, Osborn TJ, Schweingruber FH, Harris IC, Jones PD, Shiyatov SG, and Vaganov EA: Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree ring density network. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(D3):2929–2941, 2001. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900617

10. Esper J, Cook ER, and Schweingruber FH: Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science 295(5563):2250–2253, 2002. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1066208

11. Mann ME, Rutherford S, Bradley RS, Hughes MK, and Keimig FT: Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 108(D7), 2003. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002532

12. Mann ME and Jones PD: Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters 30(15), 2003. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017814

13. Briffa KR, Osborn TJ, and Schweingruber FH: Large-scale temperature inferences from tree rings: a review. Global and Planetary Change 40(1):11–26, 2004. dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00095-X

14. Pollack HN and Smerdon JE: Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure and hemispheric averages. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109(D11):D11106, 2004. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004163

15. Huang S: Merging information from different resources for new insight into climate change in the past and future. Geophysical Research Letters 31:L13205, 2004. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019781

16. Jones PD and Mann ME: Climate over past millennia. Reviews of Geophysics 42(2):RG2002, 2004. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003RG000143

17. Moberg A, Sonechkin DM, Holmgren K, Datsenko NM, and Karlén W: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433(7026):613–617, 2005. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03265

18. Oerlemans J: Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier records. Science 308(5722):675–677, 2005. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1107046

19. Rutherford S, Mann ME, Osborn TJ, Briffa KR, Jones PD, Bradley RS, and Hughes MK: Proxy-based Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: sensitivity to method, predictor network, target season, and target domain. Journal of Climate 18(13):2308–2329, 2005. dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3351.1

20. D'Arrigo R, Wilson R, and Jacoby G: On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 111(D3):D03103, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006352

21. Osborn TJ and Briffa KR: The spatial extent of 20th-century warmth in the context of the past 1200 years. Science 311(5762):841–844, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1120514

22. Viau AE, Gajewski K, Sawada MC, and Fines P: Millennial-scale temperature variations in North America
during the Holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 111(D9):D09102, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006031

23. Hegerl GC, Crowley TJ, Hyde WT, and Frame DJ: Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature 440(7087):1029–1032, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04679

24. Smith CL, Baker A, Fairchild IJ, Frisia S, and Borsato A: Reconstructing hemispheric-scale climates from multiple stalagmite records. International journal of climatology 26(10):1417–1424, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1329

 .

25. Juckes MN, Allen MR, Briffa KR, Esper J, Hegerl GC, Moberg A, Osborn TJ, and Weber SL: Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation. Climate of the Past 3(4):591–609, 2007. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-591-2007

26. Wahl ER and Ammann CM: Robustness of the Mann, Bradley, Hughes reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures: Examination of criticisms based on the nature and processing of proxy climate evidence. Climatic Change 85(1–2):33–69, 2007. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9105-7

27. Huang SP, Pollack HN, and Shen P-Y: A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record. Geophysical Research Letters 35(13):L13703, 2008. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034187

28. Lee TC, Zwiers FW, and Tsao M: Evaluation of proxy-based millennial reconstruction methods. Climate Dynamics 31(2–3):263–281, 2008. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0351-9

29. Mann ME, Zhang Z, Hughes MK, Bradley RS, Miller SK, Rutherford S, and Ni F: Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(36):13252–13257, 2008. dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805721105

30. Kaufman DS, Schneider DP, McKay NP, Ammann CM, Bradley RS, Briffa KR, Miller GH, Otto-Bleisner BL, Overpeck JT, and Vinther BM: Recent warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling. Science 325(5945):1236–1239, 2009. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1173983

31. Tingley MP and Huybers P: A Bayesian algorithm for reconstructing climate anomalies in space and time. Part I: Development and applications to paleoclimate reconstruction problems. Journal of Climate 23(10):2759–2781, 2010. dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3015.1

32. Ljungqvist FC: A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 92(3):339–351, 2010. dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x

33. Christiansen B and Ljungqvist FC: Reconstruction of the extratropical NH mean temperature over the last millennium with a method that preserves low-frequency variability. Journal of Climate 24(23):6013–6034, 2011. dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4145.1

34. Ljungqvist FC, Krusic PJ, Brattström G, and Sundqvist HS: Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries. Climate of the Past 8(1):227–249, 2012. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-227-2012

35. Christiansen B and Ljungqvist FC: The extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere temperature in the last two millennia: reconstructions of low-frequency variability. Climate of the Past 8(2):765–786, 2012. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-765-2012

36. PAGES 2k Consortium: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience 6(5):339–346, 2013. dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1797

37. Marcott SA, Shakun JD, Clark PU, and Mix AC: A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years. Science 339(6124):1198–1201, 2013. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1228026

38. Shi F, Yang B, Mairesse A, von Gunten L, Li J, Bräuning A, Yang F, and Xiao X: Northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction during the last millennium using multiple annual proxies. Climate Research 56:231–244, 2013. dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01156 

39. Neukom R, Gergis J, Karoly DJ, Wanner H, Curran M, Elbert J, et al.: Inter-hemispheric temperature variability over the past millennium. Nature Climate Change 4(5):362-367, 2014. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2174 

40. Barboza L, Li B, Tingley MP, and Viens FG: Reconstructing past temperatures from natural proxies and estimated climate forcings using short-and long-memory models. The Annals of Applied Statistics 8(4):1966–2001, 2014. dx.doi.org/10.1214/14-AOAS785 

41. Tierney JE, Abram NJ, Anchukaitis KJ, Evans MN, Giry C, et al.: Tropical sea surface temperatures for the past four centuries reconstructed from coral archives. Paleoceanography 30(3):226–252, 2015. dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002717

 .
42. Tingley MP and Huybers P: Heterogeneous warming of Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures over the last 1200 years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120(9):4040–4056, 2015. dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022506

43. Wilson R, Anchukaitis K, Briffa KR, Büntgen U, Cook E, D'Arrigo R, Davi N, Esper J, Frank D, Gunnarson B, and Hegerl G: Last millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part I: The long term context. Quaternary Science Reviews 134:1–8, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.005

44. Abram NJ, McGregor HV, Tierney JE, Evans MN, McKay NP, Kaufman DS, Thirumalai K, and PAGES 2k Consortium: Early onset of industrial-era warming across the oceans and continents. Nature 536(7617):411–418, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19082

45. Pei Q, Zhang DD, Li J, and Lee HF: Proxy-based Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction for the mid-to-late Holocene. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 1–11, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1932-5

46. Emile-Geay J, McKay NP, Kaufman DS, von Gunten L, Wang J, Anchukaitis KJ, Abram NJ, Addison JA, Curran MA, Evans MN, Henley BJ, et al.: A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era. Scientific Data 4:170088, 2017. dx.doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.88

And for fun, some large-scale regional hockey sticks:

47. Hanhijärvi S, Tingley MP, and Korhola A: Pairwise comparisons to reconstruct mean temperature in the Arctic Atlantic Region over the last 2,000 years. Climate Dynamics 41(7-8):2039–60, 2013. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1701-4

48. Davi NK, D'Arrigo R, Jacoby GC, Cook ER, Anchukaitis K, Nachin B, Rao MP, and Leland C: A long-term context (931–2005 C.E.) for rapid warming over Central Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 121:89–97, 2015. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.020

49. Luterbacher J, Werner JP, Smerdon JE, Fernández-Donado L, González-Rouco FJ, Barriopedro D, Ljungqvist FC, Büntgen U, Zorita E, Wagner S, and Esper J: European summer temperatures since Roman times. Environmental Research Letters 11(2):024001, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024001

50. Gergis J, Neukom R, Gallant AJE, and Karoly DK: Australasian Temperature Reconstructions Spanning the Last Millennium. Journal of Climate 29(15):5365–5392, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00781.1

51. Jaume-Santero F, Pickler C, Beltrami H, and Mareschal J-C: North American regional climate reconstruction from ground surface temperature histories. Climate of the Past 12(12):2181–94, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2181-2016

A partial list of independently derived 'hockey sticks,' compiled by Jim Milks:

Crowley 2000: Used both his own and Mann et al. (1999)’s hockey sticks to examine the cause of temperature changes over the past 1,000 years. Found that natural forcings could not explain twentieth century warming without the effect of greenhouse gases.

Huang, et al. 2000: Reconstructed global average temperatures since AD 1500 using temperature data from 616 boreholes from around the globe.

Bertrand et al. 2002: Reconstructed solar output, volcanic activity, land use changes, and greenhouse gas concentrations since AD 1000, then computed the expected temperature changes due to those forcings. Compared the computed temperature changes with two independent temperature reconstructions.

Esper et al. 2002: Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperatures between AD 800 and AD 2000 using tree ring chronologies.

Cronin et al. 2003: Reconstructed temperatures between 200 BC and AD 2000 around Chesapeake Bay, USA, using sediment core records.

Pollack and Smerdon 2004: Reconstructed global average temperatures since AD 1500 using temperature data from 695 boreholes from around the globe.

Esper et al. 2005: Compared and averaged five independent reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures from AD 1000 to AD 2000.

Moberg et al. 2005: Combined tree ring proxies with glacial ice cores, stalagmite, and lake sediment proxies to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures from AD 1 to AD 2000.

Oerlemans 2005: Reconstructed global temperatures from AD 1500 to AD 2000 using 169 glacial ice proxies from around the globe. Rutherford, et al. 2005: Compared two multi-proxy temperature reconstructions and tested the results of each reconstruction for sensitivity to type of statistics used, proxy characteristics, seasonal variation, and geographic location. Concluded that the reconstructions were robust to various sources of error.

D’Arrigo et al. 2006: Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperatures between AD 700 and AD 2000 from multiple tree ring proxies using a new statistical technique called Regional Curve Standardization. Concluded that their new technique was superior to the older technique used by previous reconstructions.

Osborn and Briffa 2006: Used 14 regional temperature reconstructions between AD 800 and AD 2000 to compare spatial extent of changes in Northern Hemisphere temperatures. Found that twentieth century warming was more widespread than any other temperature change of the past 1,200 years.

Hegerl et al. 2007: Combined borehole temperatures and tree ring proxies to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the past 1,450 years. Introduced a new calibration technique between proxy temperatures and instrumental temperatures.

Juckes et al. 2007: Combined multiple older reconstructions into a meta-analysis. Also used existing proxies to calculate a new Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction.

Wahl and Ammann 2007: Used the tree ring proxies, glacial proxies, and borehole proxies used by Mann et al. (1998, 1999) to recalculate Northern Hemisphere temperatures since AD 800. Refuted the McIntyre and McKitrick criticisms and showed that those criticisms were based on flawed statistical techniques.

Wilson, et al. 2007: Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperatures from AD 1750 to AD 2000 using tree ring proxies that did not show a divergence problem after AD 1960.

Mann et al. 2008: Reconstructed global temperatures between AD 200 and AD 2000 using 1,209 independent proxies ranging from tree rings to boreholes to sediment cores to stalagmite cores to Greenland and Antarctic ice cores.

Kaufman, et al. 2009: Used tree rings, lake sediment cores, and glacial ice cores to reconstruct Arctic temperatures between 1 BC and 2000 AD.

von Storch et al. 2009: Tested three different temperature reconstruction techniques to show that the Composite plus Scaling method was better than the other two methods.

Frank et al. 2010: A brief history of proxy temperature reconstructions, as well as analysis of the main questions remaining in temperature reconstructions.

Kellerhals et al. 2010: Used ammonium concentration in a glacial ice core to reconstruct tropical South American temperatures over the past 1,600 years.

Ljungqvist 2010: Reconstructed extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere temperatures from AD 1 to AD 2000 using historical records, sediment cores, tree rings, and stalagmites.

Thibodeau et al. 2010: Reconstructed temperatures at the bottom of the Gulf of St. Lawrence since AD 1000 via sediment cores.

Tingley and Huybers 2010a, 2010b: Used a Bayesian approach to reconstruct North American temperatures.

Büntgen et al. 2011: Used tree ring proxies to reconstruct Central European temperatures between 500 BC and AD 2000.

Kemp et al. 2011: Reconstructed sea levels off North Carolina, USA from 100 BC to AD 2000 using sediment cores. They also showed that sea levels changed with global temperature for at least the past millennium.

Kinnard et al. 2011: Used multiple proxies to reconstruct late summer Arctic sea ice between AD 561 and AD 1995, using instrumental data to extend their record to AD 2000.

Martin-Chivelet et al. 2011: Reconstructed temperatures in the Iberian Peninsula from 2000 BC to AD 2000 using stalagmites. Spielhagen et al. 2011: Reconstructed marine temperatures in the Fram Strait from 100 BC to AD 2000 using sediment cores.

Esper et al. 2012: Used tree ring proxies to reconstruct Northern Scandinavian temperatures 100 BC to AD 2000. May have solved the post-AD 1960 tree ring divergence problem.

Ljungqvist et al. 2012: Used a network of 120 tree ring proxies, ice core proxies, pollen records, sediment cores, and historical documents to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures between AD 800 and AD 2000, with emphasis on proxies recording the Medieval Warm Period.

Melvin et al. 2012: Reanalyzed tree ring data for the Torneträsk region of northern Sweden.

Abram et al. 2013: Reconstructed snow melt records and temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula since AD 1000 using ice core records.

Marcott, et al. 2013: Reconstructed global temperatures over the past 11,000 years using sediment cores. Data ended at AD 1940.

PAGES 2k Consortium 2013: Used multiple proxies (tree rings, sediment cores, ice cores, stalagmites, pollen, etc) to reconstruct regional and global temperatures since AD 1.

Rhodes et al. 2013: Used proxy and instrumental records to reconstruct global temperatures from AD 1753 to AD 2011.

Y Zhang et al. 2014: "Millennial minimum temperature variations in the Qilian Mountains, China: evidence from tree rings," Climate of the Past, 10, 1763–1778, 2014.

Shi et al. 2015: "A multi-proxy reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations in Asian summer temperatures over the last millennium," Climate Change, August 2015, Volume 131, Issue 4, pp 663-676.

Had enough hockey studies yet? Also check Wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large-scale_temperature_reconstructions_of_the_last_2,000_years

BONUS

The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines 



The ongoing assault on climate science in the United States has never been more aggressive, more blatant, or more widely publicized than in the case of the Hockey Stick graph―a clear and compelling visual presentation of scientific data, put together by MichaelE. Mann and his colleagues, demonstrating that global temperatures have risen in conjunction with the increase in industrialization and the use of fossil fuels. Here was an easy-to-understand graph that, in a glance, posed a threat to major corporate energy interests and those who do their political bidding. The stakes were simply too high to ignore the Hockey Stick―and so began a relentless attack on a body of science and on the investigators whose work formed its scientific basis.

The Hockey Stick achieved prominence in a 2001 UN report on climate change and quickly became a central icon in the "climate wars." The real issue has never been the graph's data but rather its implied threat to those who oppose governmental regulation and other restraints to protect the environment and planet. Mann, lead author of the original paper in which the Hockey Stick first appeared, shares the story of the science and politics behind this controversy. He reveals key figures in the oil and energy industries and the media frontgroups who do their bidding in sometimes slick, sometimes bare-knuckled ways. Mann concludes with the real story of the 2009 "Climategate" scandal, in which climate scientists' emails were hacked. This is essential reading for all who care about our planet's health and our own well-being.

Dr. Mann's book is a fascinating documentation of the attacks by climate deniers who seem threatened by real scientists, conducting real research, and then providing the results of that research to us. The book contains climate science, for sure, but the real purpose of the book is not to present more information on how and why the planet is heating up. It's really a documentation of all the attacks Dr. Mann has endured. If you read the reviews from people who gave this book one or two stars, it's clear that many of them either hadn't read the book or didn't understand what the book was about. This book reads like a whodunit thriller. I simply could not put it down. It was hard for me to believe the lengths that global warming deniers would go to simply because they disagreed with the scientific conclusions by one of our country's premier climate scientists. Those one and two star reviews really show how poorly we are teaching science at the grade school and high school level.

The Madhouse Effect: How Climate Change
Denial Is Threatening Our Planet, Destroying Our Politics, and Driving Us Crazy

The award-winning climate scientist Michael E. Mann and the Pulitzer Prize–winning political cartoonist Tom Toles have been on the front lines of the fight against climate denialism for most of their careers. They have witnessed the manipulation of the media by business and political interests and the unconscionable play to partisanship on issues that affect the well-being of billions. The lessons they have learned have been invaluable, inspiring this brilliant, colorful escape hatch from the madhouse of the climate wars.

The Madhouse Effect portrays the intellectual pretzels into which denialists must twist logic to explain away the clear evidence that human activity has changed Earth's climate. Toles's cartoons collapse counter-scientific strategies into their biased components, helping readers see how to best strike at these fallacies. Mann's expert skills at science communication aim to restore sanity to a debate that continues to rage against widely acknowledged scientific consensus. The synergy of these two climate science crusaders enlivens the gloom and doom of so many climate-themed books―and may even convert die-hard doubters to the side of sound science.

 

BONUS 2

See this picture?




You'll find this diagram misrepresentated a million places in denier-land. Here is the story behind it: Its only a shematic, a chart, an estimate based on one (1) location in central England, and stopping in 1950, long before the last 30 years of dramatic rise in temperature, and consequently have nothing to do WITH GLOBAL WARMING. The diagram thus does not show that it was warmer in the world during the so-called "Medieval Warm period". (It is warmer on the planet today.) When IPPC later came up with its NEWER graphs about global warming and the famous Hockey stick, they did NOT wipe out the MWP, they just finally used global data (from the northern hemisphere), NOT the regional data from this now outdated and misused diagram. Learn the difference between local weather and GLOBAL warming.

The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s. It was only a schematic, and based on one isolated geographic location.

Michael Mann info:

Michael Mann, Climate Scientist, Author of "Dire Predictions" & "The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars" - just won the American Association for the Advancement of Science Award for Public Engagement with Science. He is a Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Science at Penn State, with a doctorate from Yale University in Geology and Geophysics. He also holds joint appointments in the Department of Geosciences and the Earth and Environmental Systems Institute (EESI). He is also director of the Penn State Earth System Science Center (ESSC). 

He received his undergraduate degrees in Physics and Applied Math from the University of California at Berkeley, an M.S. degree in Physics from Yale University, and a Ph.D. in Geology & Geophysics from Yale University. Current areas of research include model/data comparisons aimed at understanding the long-term behavior of the climate. 

Dr. Mann was a Lead Author on the Observed Climate Variability and Change chapter of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Scientific Assessment Report in 2001 and was organizing committee chair for the National Academy of Sciences Frontiers of Science in 2003. He has received a number of honors and awards including NOAA's outstanding publication award in 2002 and selection by Scientific American as one of the fifty leading visionaries in science and technology in 2002. He contributed, with other IPCC authors, to the award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. He was awarded the Hans Oeschger Medal of the European Geosciences Union in 2012 and was awarded the National Conservation Achievement Award for science by the National Wildlife Federation in 2013. He made Bloomberg News’ list of fifty most influential people in 2013. In 2014, he was named Highly Cited Researcher by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and received the Friend of the Planet Award from the National Center for Science Education. He received the Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communication in 2017. He is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, the American Meteorological Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also a co-founder of the award-winning science website RealClimate.org.

 
Dr. Mann is author of more than 200 peer-reviewed and edited publications, and has published three books including Dire Predictions: Understanding Climate Change, The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars and most recently, The Madhouse Effect with Washington Post editorial cartoonist Tom Toles. 

Awards
2018: Award for Public Engagement with Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

2018: Elected Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, Center for Skeptical Inquiry.

2017: Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communication from Climate One.

2017: Honorary Doctorate of Science from Green Mountain College

2016: Elected Vice Chair, Topical Group on Physics of Climate (GPC), American Physical Society (APS)

2015: Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

2015: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Le Moyne College
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2015: Business Insider list of 50 “scientists who are changing the way we see the world”

2014: Economia Magazine list of 50 Leading Finance Leaders, Influencers and Innovators

2014: Pongo Award, Orang Utan Republik Foundation

2014: Named Highly Cited Researcher, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) 

2014: Friend of the Planet Award, National Center for Science Education.

2013: National Conservation Achievement Award, National Wildlife Federation

2013: Bloomberg News list of 50 Most Influential People

2013: Elected Fellow of the American Meteorological Society

2012: Elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union

2012: Hans Oeschger Medal, European Geosciences Union

2011: Elected Member-at-Large of Section W (Atmospheric & Hydrospheric Sciences), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

2008: Profiled in American Environmental Leaders From Colonial Times to the Present 

2008: Website “RealClimate.org

” (co-founded by M. Mann) chosen as one of top 15 “green” websites by Time Magazine (April 2008)

2007: Contributed, with other IPCC authors, to the award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. 

2006: American Geophysical Union Editors’ Citation for Excellence in Refereeing (for ‘Geophysical Research letters’)

2005: Website “RealClimate.org

” (co-founded by M. Mann) chosen as one of top 25 “Science and Technology” websites by Scientific American 

2005: John Russell Mather Paper award for 2005 by the Association of American Geographers [for article: Frauenfeld, O., Davis, R.E., and Mann, M.E., A Distinctly Interdecadal Signal of Pacific Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Journal of Climate 18, 1709-1718, 2005]

2002: Named by Scientific American as one of 50 leading visionaries in science and technology 

2002: Outstanding Scientific Paper award for 2002 by NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) [for article: Delworth, T.L., Mann, M.E., Observed and Simulated Multidecadal Variability in the Northern Hemisphere, Climate Dynamics, 16, 661-676, 2000]